Analysis of the resistance profile of microorganisms in the pre-pandemic and Covid-19 pandemic period

Authors

  • Esther Pereira Abensur Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
  • Adriany da Rocha Pimentão Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
  • Vinícius Moura de Araújo Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
  • Albe Dias Batista Universidade do Estado do Amazonas
  • Eidie Souza de Queiroz
  • Maria Luiza Silva dos Santos Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
  • Pedro Eduardo Garcia de Andrade Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
  • Elielza Guerreiro Menezes Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
  • Evelyn Cesar Campelo Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas “Dra. Rosemary Costa Pinto”
  • Timóteo Tadashi Watanabe Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas “Dra. Rosemary Costa Pinto”

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17058/reci.v15i3.20199

Keywords:

Drug resistance, Covid-19, Cross infection, Intensive care units

Abstract

Background and Objectives: With the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the intense empirical use of antibiotic therapy endorsed selective pressure driving microbial resistance. To understand the profile of ATB resistance in the hospital environment generates support for the rational use of it. This study aimed to analyze the resistance profile of microorganisms in patients admitted to intensive care units of Amazonas before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a quantitative, observational, and retrospective study conducted between 2019 and 2021. Based on the database provided by Dr. Rosemary Costa Pinto Health Surveillance Foundation, it was possible to identify the isolated microorganisms, compare the microbial resistance profile during the research period, and relate it to the main types of mandatory notification infections found in blood cultures and urine cultures. The data were organized in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and subjected to a descriptive analysis according to their epidemiological significance. Results: 26 microorganisms were classified over the three years, with a higher prevalence of carbapenem-resistant and cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative bacteria; however, there was a higher incidence of oxacillin-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion: Empirical antimicrobial treatment was used to minimize the high mortality in health services during the coronavirus pandemic, but its approach lacked good clinical reasoning from the professionals of the multidisciplinary team. By avoiding the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the cost and expenses of unnecessary public and private resources are also avoided, also slowing down the speed of spread of microbial resistance.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Esther Pereira Abensur, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)

    Nurse graduated from the State University of Amazonas. She is a member of the Academic League of Trauma and Emergency Nursing - LATEENF. Provides Nursing Assistance in a reference Urgent and Emergency service in Manaus, AM. She worked as a Nurse at the Getúlio Vargas University Hospital (HUGV/EBSERH/UFAM) in the Medical Clinic sector. He has published studies and interest in research in the areas of Patient Safety, Urgency and Emergency.

  • Adriany da Rocha Pimentão, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)

    PhD student in the Doctoral Program in Nursing at UFSC, Master in Nursing at the Federal University of Santa Maria (2023), Specialist in Urgency and Emergency at the Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM (2006) and Mental Health at Fiocruz, Nurse at Centro Universitário Nilton Lins (2005). He is currently a permanent professor of the undergraduate Nursing course at the State University of Amazonas - UEA, of the Nursing discipline in the Adult and Elderly Health Care Process and of the Undergraduate Nursing and Medicine Courses in the Patient Safety Discipline. His productions and research interests are mainly focused on the following themes: care practices for adults, elderly people and families in the different scenarios of adult and elderly health care, Patient Safety, Health Technologies and the Nursing Process and Nursing in the context of Mental Health. She is a Researcher and Member of the Care, Health and Nursing Laboratory at UFSM and a researcher and member of the Health and Education Technologies Laboratory - LABTECS-ESA/UEA since 2020.

  • Vinícius Moura de Araújo , Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)

    Medical student from the School of Health Sciences of the State University of Amazonas (ESA/UEA). Studying the 5th regular period. Effective member of the Academic League of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases of Amazonas (LAPDOT). Effective member of the ESA/UEA Inclusion Center.

  • Albe Dias Batista, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas

    Medical student at the State University of Amazonas (UEA), with abstracts presented at health conferences since the 1st period of college and honorable mention in the 1st edition of the International Health Congress in the SUS (COINSUS). He is part of the Labtecs research group at the State University of Amazonas, as well as a volunteer at PET-SAÚDE. Focuses on the areas of Epidemiology, Arboviruses and Neurology

  • Eidie Souza de Queiroz

    PhD student in Nursing at the Federal University of Santa Catarina. Master in Public Health from the Leônidas and Maria Deane Institute (Fiocruz Amazônia), in the strictu sensu postgraduate program in Living Conditions and Health Situations in the Amazon. Specialist in Clinical-Surgical Nursing from Nilton Lins University (2006) and Urgency and Emergency Nursing from the Federal University of Amazonas (2006). Graduated in Nursing from Nilton Lins University (2004). In the care field, she worked at Hospital Adventista de Manaus for five years, in the emergency services, nursery, gynecology/obstetrics, medical and surgical hospitalization sectors. She began her teaching career at Centro Universitário do Norte, where she was a professor and sub-coordinator of the undergraduate Nursing course. She is currently an effective professor of the undergraduate Nursing course at the State University of Amazonas (UEA) in the subjects Surgical Nursing in the process of caring for adult health and Supervised Curricular Internship. He is a member of the Health and Education Technologies Laboratory (LABTECS).

  • Maria Luiza Silva dos Santos , Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)

    Nursing student at the Higher School of Health Sciences at the State University of Amazonas (ESA/UEA). Studying the 6th regular period. Deputy General Director and Member of the Multidisciplinary Academic League of Forensic Sciences (LACIF-UEA). He is a member of the Health and Education Technologies Laboratory at the State University of Amazonas (LABTECS/UEA-ESA).

  • Pedro Eduardo Garcia de Andrade , Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)

    Currently studying medicine at the State University of Amazonas (UEA). Graduated from Secondary Technical Education in Chemistry in Integrated Form at the Federal Institute of Amazonas-Campus Manaus Centro (IFAM-CMC). He has already completed a course completion project to obtain a chemistry technician diploma from IFAM, and also participated in a PIBIC Jr project during high school, receiving the outstanding PIBIC 2020-2021 first place award from IFAM-CMC. He is currently participating in a project through the UEA Scientific and Technological Initiation Program (PAIC).

  • Elielza Guerreiro Menezes, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)

    PhD in Nursing from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC-UEA). Master in Nursing from the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM). Specialist in Intensive Care Unit, Occupational Nursing and (Master Business Administration) MBA in Management and Teaching of Higher Education. In the Care field, she worked in primary and tertiary care for three years. She worked for two years as a supervisor for the Ministry of Health, in the Education field, she was a teacher for five years at Laureate International Universities and supervisor of supervised Curricular Internship and Practical Classes. Her productions and interests in Research: Nursing Process (NANDA-I Diagnosis), Care Technology, Information Systems, Health Informatics Nursing, Health Information Systems, Mobile Applications in the Health Area, Construction and Validation of Technologies, Emerging, Persuasive and Predictive Technologies in Health and Education, Infectology and Clinical Medicine, with extensive knowledge in the standards and routines of Occupational Health. Member of the Nursing Process Research Network (RePPE). Founding Member of the Educational Technology Study Network (RETE). Member of the Structuring Teaching Nucleus of the Amazonas State University (ESA-UEA). Coordinator of the Research Ethics Committee (CEP-UEA). Coordinated the Postgraduate Program in Innovation Development Project-PDI (ESA-UEA). Acted as coordinator in PDI Projects. Works in the Undergraduate Nursing Course (ESA-UEA). She is a permanent professor of the Professional Master's Degree in Public Health Nursing (ProENSP-UEA). Member of the Clinical Research Center on Animal Poisoning CEPCLAM of the Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Foundation for Tropical Medicine. She is a Researcher and Leader of the Laboratory of Health and Education Technologies - LABTECS-ESA/UEA.

  • Evelyn Cesar Campelo, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas “Dra. Rosemary Costa Pinto”

    Nurse specialized in Infectology from the State University of Amazonas (UEA) and Epidemiology from FIOCRUZ Brasília. She is currently Director of Hospital Surveillance and Quality at the Dr. Rosemary Costa Pinto Health Surveillance Foundation (FVS-RCP), working in technical support to the Infection Control Commissions (CCIH), Hospital Surveillance Centers and Patient Safety Centers (NSP) in the capital and interior of the State of Amazonas. She is President of the State Commission for Infection Control in Health Services (CECISS - AM), member of the Technical Chamber for Quality in Care and Patient Safety (CTQCSP) at the National Council of Health Secretaries (CONASS) and representative of the northern region in the National Commission for Prevention and Control of Infection Related to Healthcare (CNCIRAS) of ANVISA. He has expertise in Management with an emphasis on institutional support for healthcare networks, Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Microbial Resistance and Patient Safety.

  • Timóteo Tadashi Watanabe, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas “Dra. Rosemary Costa Pinto”

    Graduated with academic distinction in Biological Sciences with a specialization in Coastal Management from the São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, in the Paulista Coastal Campus, São Vicente/SP. Master in Science and Technology for Amazonian Resources from the Federal University of Amazonas, in the Institute of Exact Sciences and Technology, Itacoatiara/AM. Doctorate in Biological Sciences (Zoology) from the São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, in the Rio Claro Campus. I work in the areas of Invertebrate Zoology, Morphology, Ecology, Behavioral Biology, Public Health and Epidemiology. Currently works as Head of the Teaching and Research Center of the Health Surveillance Foundation of the State of Amazonas.

References

1. Mudenda S, Witika BA, Sadiq MJ, et al. Self-medication and its Consequences during & after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Health Problem. EUR J ENV PUBLIC HLT. 2021;5(1):em0066. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/9308

2. Naveca F, Nascimento V, Souza V, et al. COVID-19 epidemic in the Brazilian state of Amazonas was driven by long-term persistence of endemic SARS-CoV-2 lineages and the recent emergence of the new Variant of Concern P.1. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-275494/V1.

3. BRASIL. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Prevenção de infecções por microrganismos multirresistentes em serviços de saúde [Internet] 1ª Ed. 2021. Disponível em: https://pncq.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/manual-prevencao-de-multirresistentes7.pdf

4. Spellberg B, Guidos R, Gilbert D, et al. The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 15; 46(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1086/524891

5. Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) [Internet]. Resistência Antimicrobiana. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.paho.org/pt/topicos/resistencia-antimicrobiana.

6. World Health Organization (WHO) [internet]. Genebra: Antimicrobial Resistance fact sheets-What is antimicrobial resistance?. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/features/qa/75/en/

7. BRASIL. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). NOTA TÉCNICA GVIMS/GGTES/DIRE3/ANVISA n° 01: Orientações para vigilância das Infecções Relacionadas à assistência à Saúde (IRAS) e resistência microbiana (RM) em serviços de saúde. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2023. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/centraisdeconteudo/publicacoes/servicosdesaude/notas-tecnicas/2020/nota-tecnica-gvims-ggtes-dire3-anvisa-no-01-2023-orientacoes-para-vigilancia-das-infeccoes-relacionadas-a-assistencia-a-saude-iras-e-resistencia-microbiana-.

8. BRASIL. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). NOTA TÉCNICA GVIMS/GGTES/DIRE3/ANVISA n° 02: Notificação dos Indicadores Nacionais das Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) e Resistência Microbiana (RM). Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2023. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/centraisdeconteudo/publicacoes/servicosdesaude/notas-tecnicas/2020/nota-tecnica-gvims-ggtes-dire3-anvisa-no-02-2023-notificacao-dos-indicadores-nacionais-das-infeccoes-relacionadas-a-assistencia-a-saude-iras-e-resistencia-m.

9. BRASIL. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). NOTA TÉCNICA GVIMS/GGTES/DIRE3/ANVISA n° 03: Critérios Diagnósticos das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) de notificação nacional obrigatória. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2023. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/centraisdeconteudo/publicacoes/servicosdesaude/notas-tecnicas/2020/nota-tecnica-gvims-ggtes-dire3-anvisa-no-03-2023-criterios-diagnosticos-das-infeccoes-relacionadas-a-assistencia-a-saude-iras-de-notificacao-nacional-obriga.

10. Rawson TM, Moore LS, Castro-Sanchez E, et al. COVID-19 and the potential long-term impact on antimicrobial resistance. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2020 Jul 1. 75(7), 1681-1684. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa194

11. Wicky PH, Niedermann MS, Timsit JF. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: How common and what is the impact? Crit Care. 2021 Apr 21;25(1):153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03571-z

12. Fattorini L, Creti R, Palma C, et al. Unit of Antibiotic Resistance and Special Pathogens; Unit of Antibiotic Resistance and Special Pathogens of the Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome. Bacterial coinfections in COVID-19: an underestimated adversary. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2020 Jul-Sep;56(3):359-364. https://doi.org/10.4415/ann_20_03_14

13. Valença C, Jain S, Freire de Carvalho N, et al. RESISTÊNCIA MICROBIANA ASSOCIADA AO COVID-19. CGCBS [Internet]. 17 de novembro de 2022; 7(3):11. Disponível em: https://periodicos.set.edu.br/cadernobiologicas/article/view/11039.

14. Nassar Júnior AP, Bezerra IL, Malheiro DT, et al. Patient-level costs of central line-associated bloodstream infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a public intensive care unit in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2023 Mar 3;34(4):529-533. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507x.20220313-pt.

15. Lima CSSC, Lima HAR, Silva CSAG. Late-onset neonatal infections and bacterial multidrug resistance. Revista Paulista de Pediatria [online]. 2023, v. 41, e2022068. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2022068

16. Zuo XS, Liu YH, Hu K. Epidemiology and risk factors of candidemia due to|Candida parapsilosisin an intensive care unit. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo [online]. 2021, v. 63, e20. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202163020

17. BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Coronavírus: Atendimentos e fatores de risco [internet]. 22 jun 2023. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/coronavirus/atendimento-tratamento-e-fatores-de-risco.

18. Sousa MF, Reis LGO, Baracho VS, et al. Microbiological and microstructural analysis of indwelling bladder catheters and urinary tract infection prevention. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2022;56:e20210552. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2021-0552

19. Silva JL, Silva MR, Ferreira SM, et al. Resistência microbiana a medicamentos em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Acta Paul Enferm. 2022;35:eAPE03751. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2022AO03751

20. Van Dulm E, Tholen ATR, Pettersson A, et al. High prevalence of multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae among residents of long term care facilities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. PLoS One. 2019 Sep 12;14(9):e0222200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222200

Downloads

Published

2025-10-16

Issue

Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025)

Section

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Esther Pereira Abensur, Adriany da Rocha Pimentão, Vinícius Moura de Araújo , Albe Dias Batista, Eidie Souza de Queiroz, Maria Luiza Silva dos Santos , Pedro Eduardo Garcia de Andrade , Elielza Guerreiro Menezes, Evelyn Cesar Campelo, Timóteo Tadashi Watanabe

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The author must state that the paper is original (has not been published previously), not infringing any copyright or other ownership right involving third parties. Once the paper is submitted, the Journal reserves the right to make normative changes, such as spelling and grammar, in order to maintain the language standard, but respecting the author’s style. The published papers become ownership of RECI, considering that all the opinions expressed by the authors are their responsibility. Because we are an open access journal, we allow free use of articles in educational and scientific applications provided the source is cited under the Creative Commons CC-BY license.

How to Cite

Analysis of the resistance profile of microorganisms in the pre-pandemic and Covid-19 pandemic period. (2025). Revista De Epidemiologia E Controle De Infecção, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.17058/reci.v15i3.20199